Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime usoro mmepụta ihe ọ bụla anya bụ nhọrọ nke ngwa anya kwesịrị ekwesị. Ngwa anya (ntụgharị aka refractive, nọmba Abbe, transmittance, reflectivity), Njirimara anụ ahụ (isi ike, nrụrụ, ọdịnaya afụ, oke nke Poisson), na ọbụna njirimara okpomọkụ (ntụpọ mgbasawanye ọkụ, mmekọrịta n'etiti refractive index na okpomọkụ) nke ngwa anya ihe niile ga-emetụta. Njirimara ngwa anya nke ngwa anya. Arụmọrụ ngwa anya components na sistem. Edemede a ga-ewebata ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na akụrụngwa ha.
A na-ekekarị ngwa anya ụzọ atọ: enyo anya, kristal anya na ihe anya pụrụ iche.
01 Igwe anya igwe
Ugogbe anya bụ ihe amorphous (glassy) nke nwere ike ibunye ọkụ. Ìhè na-agafe na ya nwere ike ịgbanwe ụzọ mgbasa ya, oge na ike ya. A na-ejikarị emepụta ngwa anya dị ka prisms, lenses, enyo, windo na nzacha n'ime ngwa anya ma ọ bụ sistemụ. Igwe anya nwere nghọta dị elu, nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ na ịdị n'otu anụ ahụ na nhazi na arụmọrụ. Ọ nwere kpọmkwem na zie ezie ngwa anya constants. N'ime ọnọdụ siri ike dị ala, enyo anya na-ejigide usoro amorphous nke ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri dị elu. Dị ka o kwesịrị, ihe dị n'ime ahụ na kemịkalụ nke iko, dị ka ntugharị aka refractive, thermal expansion coefficient, hardness, thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, elastic modules, etc., bụ otu ihe n'akụkụ niile, nke a na-akpọ isotropy.
Ndị na-emepụta enyo anya gụnyere Schott nke Germany, Corning nke United States, Ohara nke Japan, na anụ ụlọ Chengdu Guangming Glass (CDGM), wdg.
Ntugharị ntụgharị na eserese mgbasa
ngwa anya iko refractive index akụkụ
Ntugharị ntụgharị
02. kristal anya
kristal anya na-ezo aka na ihe kristal ejiri na mgbasa ozi anya. N'ihi njirimara nhazi nke kristal anya, enwere ike iji ya mee windo dị iche iche, lenses, na prisms maka ngwa ultraviolet na infrared. Dị ka ihe owuwu kristal si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime otu kristal na polycrystalline. Otu ihe kristal nwere nnukwu iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nnyefe ọkụ, yana obere ntinye ntinye, ya mere, a na-ejikarị otu kristal na kristal anya.
Kpọmkwem: UV nkịtị na ihe kristal infrared gụnyere: quartz (SiO2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), lithium fluoride (LiF), nnu nnu (NaCl), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), wdg.
Kristal na-eme ka ọ dị nro: kristal polarizing a na-ejikarị gụnyere calcite (CaCO3), quartz (SiO2), sodium nitrate (nitrate), wdg.
Achromatic crystal: A na-eji njirimara mgbasa ozi pụrụ iche nke kristal na-emepụta lenses ebumnuche achromatic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikọta calcium fluoride (CaF2) na iko iji mepụta usoro achromatic, nke nwere ike iwepụ aberration spherical na nke abụọ.
Laser crystal: eji dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ maka lasers steeti siri ike, dị ka ruby, calcium fluoride, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal, wdg.
A na-ekewa ihe kristal n'ime ihe okike na nke a na-emepụta ihe. Kristal eke dị ụkọ, na-esi ike itolite n'ụdị arụrụ arụ, oke oke na ọnụ ahịa. A na-atụlekarị mgbe ihe iko ezughị ezu, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na igwe ọkụ na-adịghị ahụ anya ma jiri ya na semiconductor na ụlọ ọrụ laser.
03 Ngwa ngwa anya pụrụ iche
a. Glass-seramiiki
Glass-seramiiki bụ ngwa anya pụrụ iche nke na-abụghị iko ma ọ bụ kristal, mana ebe dị n'etiti. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti iko-seramiiki na enyo anya nkịtị bụ ọnụnọ nke ihe owuwu kristal. Ọ nwere nhazi kristal dị mma karịa seramiiki. Ọ nwere njirimara nke ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ dị ala, ike dị elu, ike siri ike, njupụta dị ala, na nkwụsi ike dị oke elu. A na-eji ya eme ihe na nhazi nke kristal dị larịị, osisi mita ọkọlọtọ, nnukwu enyo, gyroscopes laser, wdg.
The thermal mgbasa ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke microcrystalline ngwa anya ihe nwere ike iru 0.0 ± 0.2 × 10-7 / ℃ (0 ~ 50 ℃)
b. Silicon Carbide
Silicon carbide bụ ihe pụrụ iche seramiiki nke a na-ejikwa dị ka ihe anya. Silicon carbide nwere ezigbo isi ike, ọnụọgụ nrụrụ ọkụ dị ala, nkwụsi ike ọkụ dị mma, yana mmetụta mbelata ibu dị ukwuu. A na-ewere ya dị ka isi ihe maka nnukwu enyo dị arọ ma na-ejikarị eme ihe na mbara igwe, lasers ike dị elu, semiconductor na ubi ndị ọzọ.
Ụdị ihe ndị a nwekwara ike ịkpọ ngwa mgbasa ozi anya. Na mgbakwunye na isi edemede nke ngwa mgbasa ozi ngwa anya, ngwa anya eriri ihe, ngwa ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, mmiri kristal ihe, luminescent ihe, wdg niile bụ nke ngwa anya ihe. Mmepe nke teknụzụ ngwa anya enweghị ikewapụ na teknụzụ ngwa anya. Anyị na-atụ anya ọganihu nke teknụzụ ngwa anya ngwa anya nke obodo m.
Oge nzipu: Jan-05-2024
